References - general

Use endnotes only. Numbers of notes in the text should come after a punctuation mark, preferably at the end of the sentence.

Italics, quotation marks, punctuation, etc. are all spelled out for the various items within each bibliographical reference. Please follow these standard rules. For further details, please refer to the Chicago Manual of Style.

References: first citations

Books English:

       Author [First name, Name], __Title of Book__ (Place of publication: Publisher of book, year), p. x.

Example:

Ka-che, Yip, Health and national reconstruction in Nationalist China : the development of modern health services, 1928-1937 (Ann Arbor: Association for Asian Studies, 1995).

Non-Latin scripts:

       Author  [Name and First name in original order in transliteration] Original script, __Transliterated title of book__ Original title script (Translation of title) (Place of publication: Publisher of book, year), p. x.

Example: An, Keqiang 安克強, Shanghai jinü: 19-20 shiji zhongguo de maiyin yu xing 上海妓女：19－20世紀中國的賣淫業與性 (Belles de Shanghai. Prostitution et sexualité en Chine aux 19e-20e siècles) (Shanghai: Guji chubanshe, 2004).

Book chapters

English, edited volume: Author of chapter [First name, Name], “Chapter title”, in Author [First name, Name] (ed.), Book Title (Place of publication: Publisher of book, date), p. x.

Non-Latin scripts, edited volume: Author of chapter [Name and First name in original order in transliteration], “Transliterated title of chapter” Original title script (Translation of chapter title), in Author [First name, Name] (ed.), Transliterated title of book Original title script (Translation of title) (Place of publication: Publisher of book, date), p. x.

Journal articles

English: Author of article [First name, Name], “Title of article”, Journal Title, Vol. x, No. x (year), p. x.

Non-English: Author of article [Name and First name in original order in transliteration], “Transliterated title of article” Original title script (Translation of title), Transliterated title of journal Original title script, Vol. x, No. x (year), p. x.

Authors’ names should be given on first citation as they appear on the title page of the publication.

References: subsequent citations

Use shortened titles as follows:

Books: [English] Author , Shortened Title, p. x.

[Non-English] Author, Shortened title in original, p. x.

Chapters and articles:

[English] Author [Name], “Shortened title”, p. x.

[Non-English] Author [Name], Shortened title in original, p. x.

Only give as much of the author’s name as is necessary. Do not use ibid.

References in the bibliography: the same rules apply, except for the order of [name, first name]. For obvious reasons, authors should be listed by alphabetical order of their name (surname or family name). Therefore, the format in the bibliography will follow this order:

Author [Name, First name,], Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher of book, year)

The same applies to book chapters, journal articles, dissertations, etc.

General rules

Spelling Use American English spelling (but follow original spelling in quotations, book titles, etc.), with ‘ise’ for organise, etc.

Abbreviations Place a full-stop after abbreviations (as in ed. for editor) but not after contractions or in acronyms (as in Mt for Mount and USA). Note p. for page and pp. for pages.

Punctuation Single (not double) space after full stops and other punctuation marks. There should be no space before colons and semi-colons.

Capitalisation Only use capital letters when essential — that is, when referring to a formally named entity.

Hyphenation and dashes Hyphenate prefixes (post-war) and suffixes (maze-like). Hyphenate adjectival compounds, as large-scale plan, long-term vision. Use an ‘en dash’, available in all word processors or indicated with two hyphens, for ranges of figures (e.g. pp. 22–5) and linkage of two nouns, as in Labour–Liberal Alliance. Use an ‘em dash’, available in all word processors or indicated with three hyphens, in text with spaces on either side when appending a phrase.

Numbers One to nine inclusive spelled out, 10 or more in figures. Use a comma for thousands, etc. Spell out centuries (nineteenth century, not 19th century). Use per cent in text, but % in notes and figures. Dates: 2 March 1993. Page references: pp. 324–6 but pp. 324–36. Repeat the decade for ranges of years: 1914–18.

Tables and Figures Tables should be numbered with Arabic figures. Each table should have a heading and show sources at the end.

Quotations Use single quotation marks, but double marks for quotations within quotations. Quotation marks should go inside other punctuation marks, unless one or more full sentences are being quoted, in which case they should go outside. Indent longer quotations, leaving out quotation marks.

Romanisation of Chinese Use pinyin without tone/diacritical marks, except the following which use the Wade-Giles system: Chiang Kai-shek, Sun Yat-sen, Taipei, etc.; names of people living outside mainland China. Give Chinese characters on first occurrence. Romanised words should be written in italics.

Romanisation of Japanese Use the modified Hepburn system. Kanji and kana should be given on first occurrence. Romanised words should be written in italics. Suffixes should be hyphenated: machi-zukuri. Japanese personal names should follow the Japanese system, with family name first. Circumflexes should be used in place of macrons where required, except in very common place names: Tokyo, Osaka, Kyoto, Kobe, Hokkaido. Note: Nihonbashi, not Nihombashi; Jun’ichi, not Junichi.